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ALT Codes Character Counter Color Picker Cryptogram Maker CSS Extreme Makeover CSS Quick Reference Cut Sheet Weight Instant Spellcheck Word Finder Word Pattern Finder Wordlist Maker

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I've read somewhere that multiline in long header fields is covered by RFC0822 "LONG HEADER FIELDS", and basically, the line ending should be followed by a space. So I indent the continuation lines by one space:

... but then my header is in conflict with the recommendation from RFC 2822 - 2.1.1. Line Length Limits which says "Each line of characters MUST be no more than 998 characters, and SHOULD be no more than 78 characters, excluding the CRLF."; specifically the line limit of 78 characters.

So, how can I obtain the proper multi-line quoted-printable representation of an UTF-8 Subject header string, so I can use it in an .eml file split at 78 characters - and have Thunderbird correctly read it?

... but this time it indicates it got some of the chars correct. And indeed, breakage occurs where lines are broken "in the middle of a character"; say if for the sequence 0xD1, 0x83 for the character у, the =D1?= ends one line, and the Q?=83 starts the other, then Thunderbird cannot parse that. So after manual rearrangement, this snippet can be obtained:

The problem with your test.eml is that your RFC2047 encoding is broken. The Q encoding is based on quoted-printable, but is not entirely the same. In particular, each space needs to be encoded as either =20 or _, and you cannot escape line breaks with a final =.

Fundamentally, each =?...?= sequence needs to be a single, unambiguous token per RFC 822. You can either break up your input into multiple such tokens and leave the spaces unencoded, or encode the spaces. Note that spaces between two such tokens are not significant, so encoding the spaces into the sequences makes more sense.

Unless you are writing a MIME library yourself, the simple solution is to not care, and let the library piece this together for you. PHP is more problematic (the standard library lacks this functionality, and the third-party libraries are somewhat uneven--find one you trust, and stick to it), but in Python, simply pass in a Unicode string, and the email library will encode it if necessary.

The Server Upgrade License message is sent to theclient to upgrade a license in its license store. Themessage type is UPGRADE_LICENSE (0x04) in the Licensing Preamble(section 2.2.1.2). Seesection 2.2.2.6 for moreinformation.

Unfortunately, in all the tutorials the private key is specified. This is just a server certificate, I don't have it, obviously. Does mentioning -CApath in executing the command above add all the certs inside trusted?

OpenSSL can take CA certificates from a file and or/directory. There are standard locations build into the library but an application can also specify alternative locations. With s_client this can be done using the -CApath directory and -CAfile file arguments.

A certificate file (-CAfile) contains a list of CA certificates in PEM format. A certificate directory (-CApath) contains the separate files inside a single directory and links to these files based on the subject - see openssl rehash on how to create the necessary links.

Modified src/test1.cfrom [2197966d]to [07f60dfe].664466456646664766486649665066516652665366546655665666576658) int i = 0; sqlite3 *db = 0; if( objc!=2 && objc!=3 ) Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "SEED ?DB?"); return TCL_ERROR; if( Tcl_GetIntFromObj(interp,objv[0],&i) ) return TCL_ERROR; if( objc==3 && getDbPointer(interp, Tcl_GetString(objv[2]), &db) ) return TCL_ERROR; sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SEED, i, db); return TCL_OK;664466456646664766486649665066516652665366546655665666576658) int i = 0; sqlite3 *db = 0; if( objc!=2 && objc!=3 ) Tcl_WrongNumArgs(interp, 1, objv, "SEED ?DB?"); return TCL_ERROR; if( Tcl_GetIntFromObj(interp,objv[1],&i) ) return TCL_ERROR; if( objc==3 && getDbPointer(interp, Tcl_GetString(objv[2]), &db) ) return TCL_ERROR; sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SEED, i, db); return TCL_OK;

If the program contains tests or examplesand no main function, the service runs the tests.Benchmarks will likely not be supported since the program runs in a sandboxedenvironment with limited resources.

The playground service is used by more than just the official Go project(Go by Example is one other instance)and we are happy for you to use it on your own site.All we ask is that youcontact us first (note this is a public mailing list),that you use a unique user agent in your requests (so we can identify you),and that your service is of benefit to the Go community.

CA Zertifikate können in verschiedenen Formaten ausgeliefert werden. DER Zertifikate sind binär codiert und werden am meisten in Desktop Software, z.B. Internet Browsern, genutzt. PEM Zertifikate sind Base 64 codiert und beinhalten Kopf- und Fusszeile. PEM Zertifikate werden oft in Webservern eingesetzt.

This article is part two of three covering encryption concepts and the Internet public key infrastructure (PKI). The first article in this series introduced symmetric and public key (asymmetric) encryption in cryptography. If you're not familiar with the basic concept of public-key encryption, you should read part one before you go ahead with this one.

In this part, I show you the basics of Transport Layer Security and Secure Socket Layer (TLS/SSL), how the Internet PKI works, and OpenSSL, the Swiss Army knife for TLS/SSL tasks. I cover how to use OpenSSL to create key-pairs and to generate a certificate signing request (CSR) to send to your certificate authority (CA) for signing. After that, I discuss some weaknesses of the Internet PKI you should be aware of.

Assume that you're a sysadmin like me and one of your tasks is to manage a webserver. Because your users care about authenticity, integrity, and privacy, you'd like to secure your web application with some kind of encryption.* You don't know in advance who's using your site, so symmetric encryption is off the table because of its key distribution problem. I use public-key encryption in the following sections instead.

The acronyms for Transport Layer Security and Secure Socket Layer are TLS and SSL. They are used interchangeably most of the time, and that's OK. While the old SSL protocol versions are deprecated, you'll usually find TLSv1.2 and TLSv1.3 on the web these days. TLS is used in HTTPS connections between some clients and some web servers. The following image shows a simple example of an HTTPS handshake.

First, the well-known TCP handshake happens between client and server. Then the client starts the HTTPS handshake by sending the ClientHello. In this step, the client transmits information about the server name it requests and the supported cipher suites. The server responds with the ServerHello, transmits a selected cipher suite, connection parameters, and sends information for calculating a symmetric key for the ongoing connection. Last but not least, it sends its certificate to authenticate itself to the client.

Focus on the certificate the server has transmitted to the client. It contains the server's public key, which the client uses to encrypt data before sending it to the server. A trusted Certificate Authority (CA) signed the public key in the certificate. Today, every operating system and web browser comes with a store containing the public keys of many different trusted CAs. These public keys are then used to verify the signatures in server certificates like the one discussed here. This way, the client can check the server's authenticity and that it is the correct host the client wants to connect to.

Be aware that public key encryption is used only to establish the HTTPS connections and calculate a symmetric session key used for further communication. That's because symmetric encryption is much faster than asymmetric.

So now the question is, how do you get the key-pair for the webserver? As stated earlier, OpenSSL is the Swiss Army knife for SSL and TLS tasks. Since its documentation has left some room for improvement, I suggest that you read the free book, OpenSSL Cookbook by Ivan Ristic to get all the details. My article focuses on creating a key-pair and a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a single domain name and a CSR that includes multiple domain names.

The CSR is needed to send the public key and other information about your domain to a CA for signing. The signed public key you'll get back is your certificate which you will install on your web server along with the corresponding private key.

You'll find both files in your current working directory. The passphrase you entered during the creation process protects your private key file. If you open them in some kind of text viewer, you'll only recognize that these are a private key and a CSR but won't find further plain text information:

Attention: Never share your private key(s) with anyone. They are yours and yours only. Keep them secret, safe, and sound. Follow your organization's policies for handling private keys, CSRs, and certificates. The security of your organization (and your job) may depend on it.

The first section [ req ] specifies that a private RSA key with 2048 bits is to be generated and stored as test_privatekey.pem. Also, the section contains information about finding the bits that you entered interactively in the earlier section of this article (in the section [ req_distinguished_name ]. In [ v3_req ], you'll find some constraints on keyUsage but more importantly, for this article, the parameter subjectAltName where the common name and all additional names are specified. Save it as openssl.cnf and run it with the following command to create a private key and CSR:

Whether you need only one domain name or more in your certificate, you now know how to generate the necessary CSR. For an in-depth understanding, I suggest that you refer to the book I recommended above. 041b061a72